A software engineer tried to answer a shortage with a factory. Immigration rules, overseas supply chains and a Senate witness table turned that practical impulse into a revealing American story.

A physics graduate with no mining résumé helped turn a backyard reactor into a rare-earth business. His wager is that America’s missing industrial link can be rebuilt with cleaner chemistry, patient capital, and a team willing to learn in public.
The Massachusetts startup began with buckets of mine waste in a backyard. Seven years later, it has commercial metal shipments, a strategic trading partner, and a conditional $500 million government loan - but the real test is whether a tiny refinery can become industrial infrastructure on schedule.
The Ohio manufacturer survived a shutdown-era order collapse, found a wedge in polycarbonate panels and built its way into power, steel and field installation. Its real product is not a door or a cable - it is fewer handoffs on a data-center schedule.
Ateios ripped the solvents and forever chemicals out of battery-making and replaced the oven with a flash of light. The result coats three times faster - and Kodak, a Nobel laureate, and a Fortune 100 electronics giant have all shown up to look.

The marketing chief at North America's largest independent steel pipe and tube maker took an industry most people never think about and gave it a rally cry.
Most steel companies stop at the loading dock. Zekelman follows the material into warehouses, job sites and even finished apartments - a 149-year industrial lineage betting that control of the chain can make American construction faster and more predictable.
Alex Grant is the co-founder and CEO of Magrathea, an Oakland-based startup building a new electrolytic process to make magnesium metal from seawater and brine with near-zero carbon emissions. A chemical engineer who previously founded lithium-extraction company Lilac Solutions and modeled battery supply chains at Minviro, Grant started Magrathea in 2022 to reshore US magnesium production. What began as a climate play turned into a national-security one: after Russia's invasion of Ukraine tightened global magnesium supply, Magrathea won a Defense Production Act partnership with the US Department of Defense. He was a Forbes 30 Under 30 honoree in Energy in 2021.
Duranium is a Y Combinator (S25) advanced-materials company reshoring U.S. production of critical metals - titanium, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium and hafnium. It modernizes carbochlorination metallurgy with a novel reactor that recirculates CO and chlorine streams back into feedstock and spins off a saleable co-product (bleaching agents/hypochlorite), aiming to match Chinese-level pricing without subsidies while eliminating direct emissions. Founded in 2025 by CEO Brenden Prins-McKinney and CTO Berkley Noble, the company targets a pilot facility by June 2026 and roughly 12% of the U.S. magnesium market by 2029.
Electroflow Technologies is a San Bruno, California startup building an electrochemical direct lithium extraction (DLE) process that turns low-grade, dilute North American brines into battery-grade lithium and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) powder. By collapsing a conventional 10-step brine-to-LFP process down to three steps and using lithium-selective electrodes, the company aims to produce LFP cathode material domestically at under $2,500 per metric ton - roughly 40% below current Chinese producers - while using minimal water, chemicals, and electricity.
Tidal Metals is a Trenton/Hamilton, New Jersey deep-tech company that extracts primary magnesium metal from seawater and desalination brine using nothing but renewable electricity and physical processes - no ore mining, no carbon emissions, and no waste stream. Founded by three plasma-physics PhDs who met at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, the company aims to rebuild a domestic U.S. magnesium supply chain currently dominated by China, serving aerospace, defense, and next-generation automotive manufacturing.
Howard Yuh is a plasma physicist turned founder who is trying to break China's grip on magnesium by pulling the metal out of the ocean. As CEO and cofounder of Tidal Metals, the New Jersey deeptech he spun out of his earlier desalination venture GreenBlu, he uses an adsorption temperature-swing vapor pump - a trick borrowed from fusion research - to extract magnesium salt from seawater with only electricity, no mining, and no waste. The company raised $8.5M in seed funding led by DCVC in 2024 and won the World Economic Forum's Sustainable Mining Challenge the same year.
Suvi Sharma is the co-founder and CEO of SOLARCYCLE, a clean-energy company turning end-of-life solar panels into recovered materials and brand-new solar glass. A three-time solar entrepreneur, he previously built and ran Solaria for 17 years and co-founded Nextracker before it was acquired by Flex. Today he is building one of the first US solar glass plants in Cedartown, Georgia, betting that the fastest-growing source of electricity also needs the smartest plan for what happens when the panels come down.
Magrathea is an Oakland, California clean-tech company rebuilding American magnesium production. Using a next-generation electrolytic process, it makes magnesium metal from seawater and brines with near-zero carbon emissions, aiming to break the West's dependence on Chinese supply for a metal critical to aerospace, automotive, and defense.